Electronic shopping method, electronic shopping system and document authenticating method relating thereto

ABSTRACT

An electronic shopping method is provided by both an apparatus 10 and an apparatus 30 to hold a key K(A, C) in common, and both the apparatus 30 and an apparatus 40 to hold a key K(B, C) in common. The apparatus 10 transmits a cipher text C1 which is obtained by enciphering a written order P of the products to be purchased using a key K, a cipher text C2 which is obtained by enciphering the key K using the key K(A, C), and authentication information C3 relating to a part P2 of the written order P to the apparatus 30 and the like. The apparatus 40 deciphers the key K on the basis of the cipher text C2, transmits a cipher text C4 which is obtained by enciphering the key K using the key K(B, C) to the apparatus 30. The apparatus 30 deciphers the key K on the basis of the cipher text C4, deciphers the written order P on the basis of the cipher text C1, authenticates the part P2 by referring the authentication information C3, and transmits a fifth cipher text C5 which is obtained by enciphering the authentication information C3 and the part P2 using the key K(B, C) to the apparatus 40. The apparatus 40 deciphers the part P2, and authenticates the part P2 by referring to the authentication information C3.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/690,874, filed Aug. 1,1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,656.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates in general to an electronic shoppingsystem by which an order of products to be purchased by a user and theprocessing of clearing up a sum of products purchased by the user usinga credit card can be safely carried out on a communication network, andmore particularly to an electronic shopping method and an electronicshopping system by which an order of products to be purchased by a userand the processing of clearing up a sum of products purchased by theuser using a credit card can be safely carried out using a ciphercommunication method.

2. Description of the Related Art

Until the present time, a large number of cipher communication methodshave been proposed. These cipher communication methods are roughlyclassified into a method in which a key is held in common by utilizing apublic key concept and a method in which the public key concept is notemployed. For example, as for the method of employing the public keyconcept, there is well known a key distribution method based on a RSAcipher disclosed in an article of "A Method of Obtaining DigitalSignatures and Public Key Cryptosystems" by R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir andL. Adleman, Communication of the ACM, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp.120 to 126,1978, or public key distribution method disclosed in an article of "NewDirections in Cryptology" by W. Diffice and M. Hellman, IEEE Transactionof the Information Theory, Vol. IT-22, No. 6, pp.644 to 654, 1976.

On the other hand, as for a method of not employing the public keyconcept, as disclosed in "ISO/IEC DIS 11770-2", pp. 1-23 there is wellknown a method including the following steps.

For example, it is assumed that three entities A, B and C are present ona communication network, and the entities A and C hold a key K(A, C) incommon, and the entities B and C hold a key K(B, C)in common. In thisconnection, the entity C is assumed to be sufficiently reliable.

Step 1: Firstly, the entity A selects a key K at random, and thencalculates a cipher text C(P) which has been obtained by enciphering adocument P to be notified using the key K, i.e., C(P)=E(K: P). Now, E(K:P) shows the result of enciphering the document P using. the key K. Inaddition, the entity A calculates a cipher text C(K) which has beenobtained by enciphering the key K using the key K(A, C), i.e.,C(K)=E(K(A, C): K). Both C(P) and C(K) thus obtained are transmitted tothe entity B through a communication network.

Step 2: The entity B transmits C(K) which has been supplied theretothrough the communication network to the entity C.

Step 3: The entity C deciphers the key K using the key K(A, C) on thebasis of K=D(K(A, C): C(P)). Now, D(K: P) shows the result ofdeciphering the document P using the key K. Next, the entity Ccalculates a cipher text C'(K) which has been obtained by encipheringthe deciphered key using the key K(B, C), i.e., C'(K)=E(K(B, C): K), andthen transmits the resultant C'(K) to the entity B.

Step 4: The entity B deciphers the key K from C'(K) using the key K(B,C) on the basis of K=D(K(B, C): C'(K)), and then deciphers the documentP using the key K on the basis of P=D(K: C(K)).

In such a way, the entity B can obtain the contents of the document P.

A large number of cipher communication methods as described above havebeen proposed. If employing any one of those methods, an electronicshopping system can be designed which is such that by utilizing thecommunication network, a user purchases desired products from a retailstore, and requests a credit card company of its payment. For example,in the above-mentioned method of not employing the public key, the user,the retail store, the credit card company, and the document may be madecorrespond to the entities A, B, C and a written order of the productsto be purchased by the user, respectively.

According to a sort of electronic shopping system, in general, the usercan order safely surely the desired products and also request the creditcard company of its payment.

In the above-mentioned electronic shopping system, however, for example,there is a possibility that the following problem arises. That is, thereis a possibility that since the credit card company can not authenticatethe legality of the user, the retail store produces the false writtenorder to send it to the credit card company.

In addition, there may be a case where the user does not desire that thecontents of the products purchased by himself/herself become known tothe credit card company. However, in the above-mentioned electronicshopping system, it is impossible that out of the contents of thedocument P corresponding to the written order, for example, only theinformation relating to the purchased products is not made become knownto the credit card company.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing problems associated with the prior art, it istherefore an object of the present invention to provide an electronicshopping method and an electronic shopping system by which a credit cardcompany can authenticate the legality of a user and the legality of asum of products purchased by the user on the basis of information sentfrom a retail store.

In addition, it is another object of the present invention to provide anelectronic shopping method and an electronic shopping system which aredesigned in such a way that information relating to the productspurchased by a user can become known to only a retail store, and also acredit card company can not become aware of only information, includinginformation relating to a sum of purchased products, required forclearing up a sum of purchased products.

The above-mentioned objects of the present invention are attained by theprovision of an electronic shopping method in which by using acommunication network to which a first apparatus for being operated by auser, a second apparatus associated with a retail store for providinginformation with respect to products to be purchased by the user, and athird apparatus associated with a credit card company for paying theprices for the products purchased by the user are connected, the useroperates the first apparatus so as to transmit a written order that theuser purchases the desired products to the second apparatus, and thesecond apparatus transmits at least predetermined information of thewritten order of interest to the third apparatus, the method includingthat:

both the first apparatus and the third apparatus hold a first key incommon, and both the second apparatus and the third apparatus hold asecond key in common;

the first apparatus calculates a first cipher text which is obtained byenciphering the written order exhibiting the products to be purchasedusing a third key selected at random, a second cipher text which isobtained by enciphering the third key using the first key, andauthentication information relating to at least a predetermined part ofthe written order, and then transmits the first cipher text, the secondcipher text and the authentication information to the second apparatusthrough the communication network;

the second apparatus transmits the second cipher text to the thirdapparatus;

the third apparatus deciphers the third key using the first key on thebasis of the second cipher text, and calculates a third cipher textwhich is obtained by enciphering the resultant third key using thesecond key, and then transmits the third cipher text to the secondapparatus through the communication network;

the second apparatus deciphers the third key using the second key on thebasis of the third cipher text, and also deciphers the written orderusing the resultant third key on the basis of the first cipher text, andauthenticates the predetermined part of the written order by referringto the authentication information, and calculates a four cipher textwhich is obtained by enciphering the predetermined part of the writtenorder using the second key, and then transmits both the authenticationinformation and the fourth cipher text to the third apparatus; and

the third apparatus deciphers the predetermined part of the writtenorder using the second key on the basis of the fourth cipher text, andauthenticates the predetermined part of the written order by referringto the authentication information.

In a first aspect of the present invention, the predeterminedinformation of the written order is information to be notified to thecredit card company, and the authentication information corresponds to afifth cipher text which is obtained by enciphering the predeterminedinformation using the first key by the first apparatus, and

the third apparatus deciphers the predetermined information from thefourth cipher text using the second key, and also deciphers thepredetermined information from the fifth cipher text using the firstkey, and judges whether or not the resultant two predeterminedinformation matches each other, thereby authenticating the predeterminedpart of the written order.

In a second aspect of the present invention, both the first apparatusand the third apparatus hold a first key in common, and both the secondapparatus and the third apparatus hold a second key in common;

the first apparatus calculates a first cipher text which is obtained byenciphering the written order exhibiting the products to be purchasedusing a third key selected at random, a digital signature for thewritten order carried out by using a secret key of the first apparatus,and a second cipher text which is obtained by enciphering the third keyusing the first key, and then transmits the first cipher text, thedigital signature and the second cipher text to the second apparatusthrough the communication network;

the second apparatus transmits the second cipher text to the thirdapparatus;

the third apparatus deciphers the third key using the first key on thebasis of the second cipher text, and calculates a third cipher textwhich is obtained by enciphering the resultant third key using thesecond key, and then transmits the third cipher text to the secondapparatus through the communication network;

the second apparatus deciphers the third key using the second key on thebasis of the third cipher text, and also deciphers the written orderusing the resultant third key on the basis of the first cipher text, andconfirms the legality of the digital signature using a public keyassociated with the first apparatus, thereby authenticating the writtenorder, and calculates a fourth cipher text which is obtained byenciphering the written order using the second key, and then transmitsboth the digital signature and the fourth cipher text to the thirdapparatus; and

the third apparatus deciphers the written order using the second key onthe basis of the fourth cipher text, and confirms the legality of thedigital signature using the public key associated with the firstapparatus, thereby authenticating the written order.

In addition, in a third aspect of the present invention, both the firstapparatus and the third apparatus hold a first key in common, and boththe second apparatus and the third apparatus hold a second key incommon;

the first apparatus calculates a first cipher text which is obtained byenciphering a third key selected at random using first information whichis obtained by only the first apparatus, and then transmits the firstcipher text to the second apparatus through the communication network;

the second apparatus calculates a second cipher text which is obtainedby enciphering the first cipher text using second information which isobtained by only the second apparatus, and then transmits the secondcipher text to the first apparatus;

the first apparatus calculates a third cipher text which is obtained byenciphering the written order exhibiting the products to be purchasedusing the first key, a fourth cipher text which is obtained byenciphering a cipher text, from which the influence of the firstinformation is removed, using the first key, and a fifth cipher textwhich is obtained by enciphering at least predetermined information inthe written order using the second key, and then transmits the thirdcipher text, the fourth cipher text and the fifth cipher text to thesecond apparatus through the communication network;

the second apparatus transmits the fourth cipher text to the thirdapparatus;

the third apparatus calculates a sixth cipher text, from which theinfluence of the first key is removed, from the fourth cipher text, andthen transmits the sixth cipher text thus obtained to the secondapparatus;

the second apparatus deciphers the third key by removing the influenceof the second information on the basis of the sixth cipher text, andalso deciphers the written order using the resultant third key on thebasis of the third information, and calculates a seventh cipher textwhich is obtained by enciphering predetermined information in thewritten order using the second key, and then transmits both the fifthcipher text and the seventh cipher text to the third apparatus; and

the third apparatus deciphers the predetermined information using thesecond key on the basis of the seventh cipher text and also deciphersthe predetermined information using the first key on the basis of thefifth information, and judges whether or not the resultant predeterminedtwo information matches each other, thereby authenticating thepredetermined part in the written order.

In addition, in a fourth aspect of the present invention, both the firstapparatus and the third apparatus hold a first key in common, and boththe second apparatus and the third apparatus hold a second key incommon;

the first apparatus calculates a first cipher text which is obtained byenciphering a third key selected at random using first information whichis obtained by only the first apparatus, and then transmits the firstcipher text thus obtained to the second apparatus through thecommunication network;

the second apparatus calculates a second cipher text which is obtainedby enciphering the first cipher text using second information which isobtained by only the second apparatus, and then transmits the secondcipher text thus obtained to the first apparatus;

the first apparatus calculates a third cipher text C3 which is obtainedby enciphering the written order P=(P1, P2) including information P2 tobe notified to a credit card company and information P1 other than theinformation P2 using the third key, and a fourth cipher text C4 which isobtained by enciphering a cipher text, which is obtained by removing theinfluence of the first information from the second cipher text C2, usingthe first key, and on the basis of a hash value f(h(P1), P2) which iscalculated using both one way hash functions h(x) and f(x, y) as publicinformation, and calculates a digital signature sgnA(P) for the hashvalue f(h(P1), P2) using a secret key associated with the firstapparatus, and then transmits the third cipher text C3, the fourthcipher text C4 and the digital signature sgnA(P) to the second apparatusthrough the communication network;

the second apparatus transmits the fourth cipher text C4 to the thirdapparatus;

the third apparatus calculates a fifth cipher text C5 which is obtainedby removing the influence of the first key from the fourth cipher text,and then transmits the fifth cipher text thus obtained to the secondapparatus;

the second apparatus deciphers the third key by removing the influenceof the second information on the basis of the fifth cipher text, andalso deciphers the written order P using the resultant third key on thebasis of the third information, and confirms the legality of the digitalsignature sgnA(P) using a public key associated with the firstapparatus, thereby authenticating the written order P, and calculates asixth cipher text C6 which is obtained by enciphering predeterminedinformation P2 in the written order using the second key, and thentransmits the sixth cipher text, the digital signature sgnA(P) and thehash value h(P1) to the third apparatus; and

the third apparatus deciphers the predetermined information P2 in thewritten order using the second key on the basis of the sixth ciphertext, and confirms the legality of the digital signature sgnA(P) usingthe public key associated with the first apparatus, the hash value h(P1)and the predetermined information P2 in the written order, therebyauthenticating the second information in the written order.

In a fifth aspect of the present invention, both the second apparatusand the third apparatus hold a second key in common;

the first apparatus calculates a first cipher text u which is obtainedby enciphering a third key K, which is selected at random so as tofulfill the condition of 0≦K<p using first information as a first randomnumber r fulfilling the condition of 0≦r<p-1 on the basis of anexpression of u=exp(K: r) mod p where exp(a: x) represents a to the x-thpower, and then transmits the first cipher text to the second apparatusthrough the communication network;

the second apparatus calculates a second cipher text v which is obtainedby enciphering the first cipher text using second information as asecond random number s fulfilling the condition of 0≦s<p on the basis ofan expression of v=exp(u: s) mod p, and then transmits the second ciphertext to the first apparatus;

the first apparatus calculates a third cipher text C3 which is obtainedby enciphering the written order P=(P1, P2) including predeterminedinformation P2 to be notified to a credit card company and informationP1 other than the predetermined information P2 using the third key, anda fourth cipher text w which is obtained by removing the influence ofthe first information from the second cipher text on the basis of anexpression of w=exp(v: l/r) mod p, and on the basis of a hash valueg(f(h(P1), P2), v, I) which is calculated using the second cipher textv, identification information I and one way hash functions h(x), f(x, y)and g(x, y, z) as public information, and calculates a digital signaturesgnA(P) for the hash value g(f(h(P1), P2), v, I) using a secret keyassociated with the first apparatus, and then transmits the fourthcipher text, the identification information and the digital signature tothe second apparatus through the communication network;

the second apparatus deciphers the third key on the basis of anexpression of K=exp(w: 1/s) mod p, and also deciphers the written orderusing the resultant third key, and confirms the legality of the digitalsignature sgnA(P) using a public key associated with the firstapparatus, thereby authenticating the written order P, and calculates afifth cipher text which is obtained by enciphering the predeterminedinformation P2 in the written order using the second key, and thentransmits the fifth cipher text, the digital signature sgnA(P), the hashvalue h(P1) and the identification information I to the third apparatus;and

the third apparatus deciphers the predetermined information P2 in thewritten order using the second key on the basis of the fifth ciphertext, and confirms the legality of the digital signature sgnA(P) usingthe public key associated with the first apparatus, the hash valueh(P1), and the predetermined information P2 in the written order,thereby authenticating the predetermined information in the writtenorder.

In a sixth aspect of the present invention, both the second apparatusand the third apparatus hold a second key in common;

the first apparatus calculates a first cipher text which is obtained byenciphering the written order P=(P1, P2) including predeterminedinformation P2 to be notified to the credit card company and informationP1 other than the predetermined information P2 using a third keyselected at random and calculates a second cipher text w, which isdefined by an expression of w=exp(K: eB) mod nB where exp(a: x)represents a to the x-th power, using a public key (eB, nB) associatedwith the second apparatus, and also calculates a digital signaturesgnA(P) for a hash value f(h(P1), P2) using one way hash functions h(x)and f(x, y) as the public information and a secret key dA and a publickey nA associated with the first apparatus in accordance with anexpression of sgnA(P)=exp(f(h(P1), P2), dA) mod nA, and then transmitsthe resultant first cipher text, second cipher text and digitalsignature sgnA(P) to the second apparatus through the communicationnetwork;

the second apparatus deciphers the third key using a secret key dBassociated with the second apparatus in accordance with an expression ofK=exp(w: dB) mod nB, and also deciphers a document P using the resultantthird key on the basis of the first cipher text, and confirms that anexpression of f(h(P1), P2)=exp(sgnA(P): eA)(mod nA) is established usinga public key (eA, nA) associated with the first apparatus, therebyauthenticating the document P, and calculates a third cipher text whichis obtained by enciphering predetermined information in the document Pusing the second key, and then transmits the third cipher text, the hashvalue h(P1) and the digital signature sgnA(P) to the third apparatus;and

the third apparatus deciphers the predetermined information in thewritten order using the second key on the basis of the third ciphertext, and confirms that an expression of f(h(P1), P2)=exp(sgnA(P):eA)(mod nA) is established using the public key (eA, nA) associated withthe first apparatus, thereby authenticating the predeterminedinformation in the written order.

According to the present invention, since both the second apparatus andthe third apparatus can authenticate the legality of at least thepredetermined part of the document on the basis of the authenticationinformation, it is possible to carry out the authentication in which thelegality of the information relating to the user can be surelyauthenticated.

In addition, according to the first aspect and the third to sixthaspects of the present invention, since only the information to benotified to the third apparatus is transmitted thereto, the user canpurchase the desired products without being aware of the unnecessaryinformation by the credit card company.

Further, according to the third aspect of the present invention, sincethe document can be authenticated without producing the digitalsignature, the processing time in the first apparatus can be furthershortened.

In addition, the fourth and fifth aspects of the present invention, forthe written order P=(P1, P2), the predetermined hash value is calculatedusing the one way hash functions as the public information, and thedigital signature for the hash value of interest is produced using thesecret key associated with the first apparatus. Next, in the secondapparatus, on the basis of the public key associated with the firstapparatus and the written order, the legality of the digital signaturesgnA(P) is confirmed, thereby authenticating the written order, and alsoin the third apparatus, on the basis of the public key associated withthe first apparatus, the hash value and the predetermined information inthe written order, the legality of the digital signature sgnA(P) isconfirmed, thereby authenticating the predetermined part. Therefore,since the credit card company is notified of only the predeterminedinformation, privacy of the user is protected, and also once the digitalsignature is produced, it is possible to authenticate both the writtenorder and the predetermined information contained therein, and hence aburden imposed on the calculation processing of the first apparatus islightened.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an electronicshopping system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a user siteapparatus according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a smart cardaccording to the first embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a retail store siteapparatus according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a credit cardcompany site apparatus according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a schematic view useful in explaining transmission ofinformation in the electronic shopping system according to the firstembodiment;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a user siteapparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a smart cardaccording to the second embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a retail store siteapparatus according to the second embodiment;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a credit cardcompany site apparatus according to the second embodiment;

FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing a procedure of producing a digitalsignature on the basis of a document;

FIG. 12 is a schematic view useful in explaining transmission ofinformation in an electronic shopping system according to the secondembodiment;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a user siteapparatus according to a third embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a smart cardaccording to the third embodiment;

FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a retail storesite apparatus according to the third embodiment;

FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a credit cardcompany site apparatus according to the third embodiment;

FIG. 17 is a schematic view useful in explaining transmission ofinformation in an electronic shopping system according to the thirdembodiment;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a smart cardaccording to a fourth embodiment;

FIG. 19 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a retail storesite apparatus according to the fourth embodiment;

FIG. 20 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a credit cardcompany site apparatus according to the fourth embodiment;

FIG. 21 is a schematic view useful in explaining transmission ofinformation in an electronic shopping system according to the fourthembodiment;

FIG. 22 is a schematic view useful in explaining transmission ofinformation of an electronic shopping system according to a fifthembodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 23 is a schematic view useful in explaining transmission ofinformation of an electronic shopping system according to a sixthembodiment of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter bedescribed in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an electronicshopping system according to an embodiment of the present invention. Asshown in FIG. 1, the present system includes a user site apparatus 10which is operated by a user who intends to purchase desired products, asmart card 20 which the user possesses, a retail store site apparatus 30which is installed in a retail store in order to introduce variousproducts to the user and to receive the information exhibiting theproducts to be purchased by the user, and a credit card company siteapparatus 40 which is installed in a credit card company. The user siteapparatus 10 is connected to the retail store site apparatus 30 througha communication line 50, and the retail store site apparatus 30 isconnected to the credit card company site apparatus 40 through acommunication line 51.

The user site apparatus 10 corresponds to a terminal or the like forexample which the user possesses. Then, the user inserts his/her smartcard 20 into a slot (not shown) or the like which is provided in theuser site apparatus 10, thereby connecting the smart card 20 to the usersite apparatus 10. Therefore, the user operates an input unit (notshown) of the user site apparatus 10 in order to issue a command forpurchasing the desired products, i.e., an order of the desired productsto be purchased to the retail store site apparatus 30 through thecommunication line 50. On receiving the order of the desired products tobe purchased, the retail store site apparatus 30 requests the creditcard company site apparatus 40 to clear up a sum of products which havebeen purchased by the user through the communication line 51. Each ofthe apparatuses constituting the present embodiment will hereinbelow bedescribed in more detail.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a configuration of the user siteapparatus 10 according to the present embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2,the user site apparatus 10 includes: a smart card input/output unit 101for receiving the smart card 20 and transmitting/receiving data to/fromthe smart card 20; a document producing unit 102 for producing adocument such as a written order of products to be purchased as will bedescribed later; a random number generating unit 103 for generating arandom number; a key producing unit 104 for producing a predeterminedkey on the basis of the random number generated by the random numbergenerating unit 103; an enciphering/deciphering unit 105 for encipheringa document or deciphering the enciphered document into the originaldocument using a key or the like obtained from the key producing unit104; a memory 106; an input/output unit 107 for controlling aninput/output operation of the user site apparatus 10; and communicationequipment 108 connected to the communication line 50 fortransmitting/receiving the data to/from the retail store site apparatus30. In addition, the smart card input/output unit 101 to theinput/output unit 107 are respectively connected to a data bus 109.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an internal configuration of the smartcard 20 according to the present embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3, thesmart card 20 includes an enciphering/deciphering unit 201 and a memory202. At the time when the smart card 20 has been inserted into the slot(not shown) of the user site apparatus 10, both theenciphering/deciphering unit 201 and the memory 202 of the smart card 20are connected to the smart card input/output unit 101 through aconnector (not shown).

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an internal configuration of theretail store site apparatus 30 according to the present embodiment. Asshown in FIG. 4, the retail store site apparatus 30 includes anenciphering/deciphering unit 301, a memory 302, a random numbergenerating unit 303 and communication equipment 304.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing an internal configuration of thecredit card company site apparatus 40 according to the presentembodiment. As shown in FIG. 5, the credit card company site apparatus40 includes an enciphering/deciphering unit 401, a memory 402 andcommunication equipment 403.

Next, the description will hereinbelow be given with respect to theoperation of the electronic shopping system configured as describedabove. FIG. 6 is a schematic view useful in explaining transmission ofinformation in the electronic shopping system according to the presentembodiment.

In the present embodiment, a credit card company C is assumed to bereliable. In addition, the present embodiment is designed in such a waythat a retail store B can authenticate the information including a sumof products purchased by a user A without carrying out the keydistribution based on the public key concept and also using a digitalsignature as will be described later.

Further, in the present embodiment, both the smart card 20 of the user Aand the retail store site apparatus 30 hold previously the same key K(A,B), and also both the retail store site apparatus 30 and the credit cardcompany site apparatus 40 hold previously the same key K(B, C). That is,the information relating to the key K(A, B) is previously stored in eachof a predetermined storage area of the memory 202 of the smart card 20and a predetermined storage area of the memory 302 of the retail storesite apparatus 30, and also the information relating to the key K(B, C)is previously stored in each of a predetermined storage area of thememory 302 of the retail store site apparatus 30 and a predeterminedstorage area of the memory 402 of the credit card company site apparatus40.

1) Firstly, a user A inserts the smart card 20 which the user possessesinto the slot (not shown) of the user site apparatus 10. As a result,the enciphering/deciphering unit 201 and the like constituting the smartcard 20 are connected to the smart card input/output unit 101. Next, theuser selects desired products by referring to the information relatingto the various products (kinds of products, product names, prices ofproducts, or the like) which is, for example, supplied from the retailstore site apparatus 30 and is displayed on a display device (not shown)of the user site apparatus 10.

Then, the user operates an input unit (not shown) such as a keyboard ofthe user site apparatus 10 in order to activate the document producingunit 102 to produce a predetermined written order P=(P1, P2). In thisconnection, P1 contained in the document P is a part corresponding tothe contents of an order given to the retail store, and P2 containedtherein is a part corresponding to the information, including a creditcard number and a sum of purchased products, to be sent to the creditcard company C.

Next, the key producing unit 104 of the user site apparatus 10 producesthe key K on the basis of the random number generated by the randomnumber generating unit 103, and then the enciphering/deciphering unit105 produces a cipher C1, which is defined by the following expression,on the basis of the key K thus produced.

    C1=E(K: P)

where E(K: P) represents the result of enciphering the document P usingthe key K (by a secret key cryptosystem). The cipher C1 thus obtained isthen transmitted to the communication equipment 108 through theinput/output unit 107.

In addition, the user site apparatus 10 outputs both the key K and thepart P2 of the document P to the smart card 20 through the smart cardinput/output unit 101. Then, the smart card 20 reads out a key K(A, C)which is previously stored in the memory 202, and theenciphering/deciphering unit 201 produces both ciphers C2 and C3, whichare respectively defined by the following expression, using the key K(A,C) thus read out.

    C2=E(K(A, C): K)

    C3=E(K(A, C): P2)

Both the ciphers C2 and C3 thus obtained are supplied to the smart cardinput/output unit 101, and then are transmitted to the communicationequipment 108 through the input/output unit 107.

In addition, the communication equipment 108 transmits the ciphers C1,C2 and C3 to the retail store site apparatus 30 through thecommunication line 50 (refer to reference numeral 601 in FIG. 6).

2) After having received the ciphers C1, C2 and C3, the communicationequipment 304 of the retail store site apparatus 30 transmits only thecipher C2, out of them, to the credit card company site apparatus 40through the communication line 51 (refer to reference numeral 602 inFIG. 6).

3) After having received the cipher C2 which had been transmitted by theretail store site apparatus 30, the credit card company site apparatus40 reads out the key K(A, C) which is previously stored in the memory402, and the enciphering/deciphering unit 401 deciphers the key A usingthe key K(A, C) thus read out on the basis of the following expression.

    K=D(K(A, C): C2)

where D(A: P) represents the result of deciphering the document P usingthe key K (by the secret key cryptosystem).

Subsequently, the credit card company site apparatus 40 reads out thekey K(B, C) which is previously stored in the memory 402, and thenproduces a cipher C4, which is defined by the following expression,using the enciphering/deciphering unit 401.

    C4=E(K(B, C): K)

The cipher C4 thus produced is supplied to the communication equipment402, and then the communication equipment 402 transmits the cipher C4 tothe retail store site apparatus 30 through the communication line 51(refer to reference numeral 603 in FIG. 6).

4) After having received the cipher C4 which had been transmitted by thecredit card company site apparatus 40, the retail store site apparatus30 reads out the key K(B, C) which is previously stored in the memory302, and then the enciphering/deciphering unit 301 deciphers the key Kusing the key K(B, C) thus read out on the basis of the followingexpression.

    K=D(K(B, C): K)

Further, the enciphering/deciphering unit 301 deciphers the writtenorder P on the basis of the following expression.

    P=D(K: C1)

Thereafter, the enciphering/deciphering unit 301 of the retail storesite apparatus 30 enciphers the predetermined information P2 in thewritten order P, which is a part corresponding to the information to besent to the credit card company C, using the key K(B, C) so as toproduce a cipher C5 which is defined by the following expression.

    C5=E(K(B, C): P2)

Both the cipher C5 thus obtained and the cipher C3 are supplied to thecommunication equipment 304, and then the communication equipment 304transmits these ciphers to the credit card company site apparatus 40through the communication line 51 (refer to reference numeral 604 inFIG. 6).

5) After the credit card company site apparatus 40 has received both theciphers C3 and C5, the enciphering/deciphering unit 401 deciphers thepart P2 in the written order P using the key K(A, C) or the key K(B, C),respectively. After having obtained the two parts P2 using the two keysin such a way, it is judged whether or not the two parts P2 match eachother, thereby authenticating the part P2. In the case where the twoparts P2 match each other, it is judged that the order of the productsis given by the legal user.

As described above, according to the present embodiment, the legality ofan order given by the user can be authenticated, and also out of thewritten order produced by the user, only the information which thecredit card company should become aware of can be transmitted to thecredit card company.

Next, the description will hereinbelow be given with respect to anelectronic shopping system according to a second embodiment of thepresent invention.

In the second embodiment, the credit card company is assumed to bereliable. In addition, the second embodiment is designed in such a waythat the authentication of the user is carried out using the digitalsignature without carrying out the key distribution based on the publickey concept.

FIGS. 7 to 10 are respectively block diagram showing configurations of auser site apparatus 10, a smart card 20, a retail store site apparatus30 and a credit card company site apparatus 40 according to the secondembodiment of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 7, the user site apparatus 10 according to the secondembodiment includes, in addition to the elements 101 to 108 of the firstembodiment shown in FIG. 2, a hash calculator 110 for calculating a hashvalue of a predetermined part in the document. As shown in FIG. 8, thesmart card 20 of the second embodiment includes, in addition to theelements 201 and 202 of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 3, a digitalsignature producing unit 203 for producing a digital signature as willbe described later.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 9, the retail store site apparatus 30 ofthe second embodiment includes, in addition to the elements 301 to 303of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 4, a digital signature verifyingunit 304 for verifying the legality of a digital signature produced inthe user side.

Further, as shown in FIG. 10, the credit card company site apparatus 40of the second embodiment includes, in addition to the elements 401 to403 of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 5, a digital signatureverifying unit 404. These elements 401 to 404 are connected to oneanother through a data bus 405.

Incidentally, in the second embodiment, both the smart card 20 of a userA and the credit card company site apparatus 40 hold previously the samekey K(A, C) in common, and also both the retail store site apparatus 30and the credit card company site apparatus 40 hold previously the samekey K(B, C) in common.

The description will hereinbelow be given with respect to the operationof the electronic shopping system configured as described above. FIG. 12is a schematic view useful in explaining transmission of information inthe electronic shopping system according to the second embodiment.

1) Firstly, a user A inserts the smart card 20 which the user possessesinto a slot (not shown) of the user site apparatus 10. As a result, theenciphering/deciphering unit 201 and the like constituting the smartcard 20 are connected to the smart card input/output unit 101. Next, theuser selects the desired products by referring to the informationrelating to the various products (kinds of products, product names,prices of products, or the like) which is, for example, supplied fromthe retail store site apparatus 30 and is displayed on a display device(not shown) of the user site apparatus 10.

Then, the user operates an input unit (not shown), such as a keyboard,of the user site apparatus 10 so as to activate the document producingunit 102 to produce a predetermined written order P=(P1, P2).

Next, the key producing unit 104 of the user site apparatus 10 producesa key K on the basis of a random number generated by the random numbergenerating unit 103, and then the enciphering/deciphering unit 105produces a cipher C1, which is defined by the following expression, onthe basis of the key K thus produced.

    C1=E(K: P)

In addition, the hash calculator 110 of the user site apparatus 10calculates a hash function h(P) on the basis of the document P, and thensupplies both the key K and the hash function h(P) to the smart card 20through the smart card input/output unit 101. The hash function h(x) isthe public information.

The smart card 20 reads out the key K(A, C) which is previously storedin the memory 202, and the enciphering/deciphering unit 201 produces acipher C2, which is defined by the following expression, using the keyK(A, C) thus read out.

    C2=E(K(A, C): K)

Subsequently, the digital signature producing unit 203 of the smart card20 calculates a signature sgnA(P) for the hash function h(P) using thesecret key associated with the user site apparatus 10. Incidentally, inthe present embodiment, the digital signature is obtained on the basisof the so-called RSA.

The signature sgnA(P) thus obtained is supplied to the user siteapparatus 10, and the user site apparatus 10 transmits the ciphers C1and C2, which are obtained in advance as well as the signature sgnA(P)which has been supplied by the smart card 20 to the retail store siteapparatus 30 through the communication line 50 (refer to referencenumeral 1201 in FIG. 12).

2) After having received both the ciphers C1 and C2 as well as thesignature sgnA(P), the communication equipment 303 of the retail storesite apparatus 30 transmits only the cipher C2 out of them to the creditcard company site apparatus 40 through the communication line 51 (referto reference numeral 1202 in FIG. 12).

3) The credit card company site apparatus 40 reads out the key K(A, C)which is previously stored in the memory 404, and theenciphering/deciphering unit 401 deciphers the key K using the key K(A,C) thus read out in accordance with the following expression.

    K=D(K(A, C): C2)

In addition, the credit card company site apparatus 40 reads out the keyK(B, C) which is previously stored in the memory 404, and then theenciphering/deciphering unit 401 produces a cipher C3, which is definedby the following expression, using the key K(B, C) thus read out.

    C3=E(K(B, C): K)

The cipher C3 thus obtained is then transmitted to the retail store siteapparatus 30 through the communication line 51 by the communicationequipment 403 (refer to reference numeral 1203 in FIG. 12).

4) After having received the cipher C3, the retail store site apparatus30 reads out the key K(B, C) which is previously stored in the memory302, and then the enciphering/deciphering unit 301 deciphers the key Kusing the key K(B, C) thus read out in accordance with the followingexpression.

    K=D(K(B, C): C3)

In addition, the enciphering/deciphering unit 301 deciphers the writtenorder P in accordance with the following expression.

    P=D(K: C1)

Next, the digital signature verifying unit 304 of the retail store siteapparatus 30 confirms the legality of the digital signature sgnA(P)using the public key associated with the user site apparatus 10, therebyauthenticating the written order P given by the user.

In addition, the retail store site apparatus 30 reads out the key K(B,C) which is previously stored in the memory 302, and then theenciphering/deciphering unit 301 calculates a cipher C4, which isdefined by the following expression, using the key K(B, C) thus readout.

    C4=E(K(B, C): P)

Both the cipher C4 thus obtained and the digital signature sgnA(P)supplied from the user site apparatus 10 are transmitted to the creditcard company site apparatus 40 through the communication line 51 (referto reference numeral 1204 in FIG. 12).

5) After having received the above-mentioned information, the creditcard company site apparatus 40 reads out the key K(B, C) which ispreviously stored in the memory 404, and then theenciphering/deciphering unit 401 deciphers the document P using the keyK(B, C) thus read out on the basis of the cipher C4. In addition, thedigital signature verifying unit 404 calculates a hash value h(P) on thebasis of the hash function h(x) as the public information, and confirmsthe legality of the digital signature sgnA(P) using both that hash valueand the public key associated with the user site apparatus. As a result,the document P is carried out and hence the order of the products to bepurchased given by the user is authenticated.

Next, the description will hereinbelow be given with respect to anelectronic shopping system according to a third embodiment of thepresent invention.

This third embodiment is an example which is suitable for being appliedto the case where the credit card company C is considered to beunreliable. In addition, the third embodiment is designed in such a waythat the authentication of the user can be carried out without carryingout the key distribution based on the public key concept and alsoproducing the digital signature.

Further, in the present embodiment, since the credit card companyauthenticates only the information which does not contain theinformation or the like of the products purchased by the user, it ispossible to protect the privacy of the user.

FIGS. 13 to 16 are respectively block diagrams showing configurations ofa user site apparatus 10, a smart card 20, a retail store site apparatus30 and a credit card company site apparatus 40 according to the thirdembodiment.

As shown in FIG. 13, the user site apparatus 10 of the third embodimentincludes, in addition to the elements 101 to 108 and 110 of the secondembodiment shown in FIG. 7, a power multiplier 111 for carrying outexponential calculation. As shown in FIG. 14, the smart card 20 of thethird embodiment includes, in addition to the elements 201 and 202 ofthe first embodiment shown in FIG. 3, a power multiplier 204 forcarrying out exponential calculation.

In addition. as shown in FIG. 15, the retail store site apparatus 30 ofthe third embodiment includes, in addition to the elements 301 to 303 ofthe first embodiment shown in FIG. 4, a random number generating unit306 and a power multiplier 307.

Further, as shown in FIG. 16, the credit card company site apparatus 40of the third embodiment includes, in addition to the elements 401 to 403of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 5, a power multiplier 406. Theseelements are connected to one another through a data bus 405.

Incidentally, in the third embodiment, both the smart card 20 of a userA and the retail store site apparatus 30 hold previously the same keyK(A, B) in common, and also both the retail store site apparatus 30 andthe credit card company site apparatus 40 hold previously the same keyK(B, C) in common. In addition, a prime number p is open to the public,and the key K(A, B) is set in such a way that a greatest common division(g.c.d) between the key K(B, C) and a numeric number (p-1) is 1, i.e.,g.c.d(K(A, B), p-1)=1 is established.

Next, the description will hereinbelow be given with respect to theoperation of the electronic shopping system configured as describedabove. FIG. 17 is a schematic view useful in explaining transmission ofinformation in the electronic shopping system according to the thirdembodiment.

1) Firstly, the user A inserts the smart card 20 which the userpossesses into a slot (not shown) of the user site apparatus 10. As aresult, the enciphering/deciphering unit 201 and the like constitutingthe smart card 20 are connected to the smart card input/output unit 101.Next, the user selects the desired products by referring to theinformation of the various products (kinds of products, product names,prices of products, or the like) which is, for example, supplied by theretail store site apparatus 30 and is displayed on a display device (notshown) of the user site apparatus 10.

Then, the user operates an input unit (not shown), such as a keyboard,of the user site apparatus 10 so as to activate the document producingunit 102 to produce a predetermined written order P=(P1, P2). In thisconnection, predetermined information P1 contained in the document P isa part corresponding to the contents of an order of the products to bepurchased given to the retail store, and predetermined information P2contained therein is a part corresponding to information, including acredit card number and a sum of purchased products, to be sent to thecredit card company C.

Next, the key producing unit 104 of the user site apparatus 10 producesa key K (0<K<p) on the basis of a random number generated by the randomnumber generating unit 103, and the enciphering/deciphering unit 105produces a cipher C1, which is defined by the following expression, onthe basis of the key K thus produced.

    C1=E(K: P)

Next, the random number generating unit 103 of the user site apparatus10 produces a random number r ε Z which fulfills the conditions of0<r<p-1 and g.c.d.(r, P-1)=1, and then supplies the random number r tothe power multiplier 111. In this connection, Z represents a domain ofintegers. The power multiplier 111 produces a value u, which is definedby the following expression, on the basis of the random number rsupplied thereto.

    u=exp(K: r) mod p

where exp(a: x) represents a to the x-th power.

The communication equipment 108 of the user site apparatus 10 transmitsthe resultant value u to the retail store site apparatus 30 through thecommunication line 50 (refer to reference numeral 1701 in FIG. 17).

2) Next, the random number generating unit 305 of the retail store siteapparatus 30 produces a random number t ε Z which fulfills theconditions of 0<t<p-1 and g.c.d(t, P-1)=1, and then supplies the randomnumber thus produces to the power multiplier 307. Then, the powermultiplier 307 calculates a value v, which is defined by the followingexpression, on the basis of the random number t supplied thereto.

    v=exp(u: t) mod p

The value v thus obtained is transmitted to the user site apparatus 10through the communication line 50 by the communication equipment 303(refer to reference numeral 1702 in FIG. 17).

3) After having received the value v, the user site apparatus 10supplies both the random number r, which is temporarily stored in thememory 106, and the value u thus received to the smart card 20 throughthe smart card input/output unit 101. The smart card 20 reads out thekey K(A, B) stored in the memory 203, and the power multiplier 204calculates a value w, which is defined by the following expression,using the key K(A, B) thus read out.

    w=exp(v :K(A,B)/r) mod p

In addition, the smart card 20 reads out the key K(A, C) stored in thememory 203, and then the enciphering/deciphering unit 202 produces acipher C2, which is defined by the following expression, using the keyK(A, C) thus read out.

    C2=E(K(A, C): P2)

Both the value w and the cipher C2 thus obtained are supplied to theuser site apparatus 10. Next, the cipher C1 which is obtained in advanceas well as the cipher C2 and the value w are transmitted to the retailstore site apparatus 30 through the communication line 50 by thecommunication equipment 108 of the user site apparatus 10 (refer toreference numeral 1703 in FIG. 17).

4) After having received the ciphers C1 and C2, and the value w, thecommunication equipment 303 of the retail store site apparatus 30transmits only the value w out of them to the credit card company siteapparatus 40 through the communication line 51 (refer to referencenumeral 1704 in FIG. 17).

5) After having received the value w transmitted from the retail storesite apparatus 30, the credit card company site apparatus 40 reads outthe key K(A, C) stored in the memory 404, and then the power multiplier402 produces a value w', which is defined by the following expression,using the key K(A, C) thus read out.

    w'=exp(w: 1/K(A, C))mod p

The value w' thus obtained is transmitted to the retail store siteapparatus 30 through the communication line 51 by the communicationequipment 403 (refer to reference numeral 1705 in FIG. 17).

6) After having received the value w' transmitted from the credit cardcompany site apparatus 40, the retail store site apparatus 30 reads outa random number t which is temporarily stored in the memory 302, and thepower multiplier 307 deciphers the key K using the random number t onthe basis of the following expression.

    K=exp(w': 1/t) mod p

In addition, the enciphering/deciphering unit 310 deciphers the documentP using the resultant key K on the basis of the following expression.

    P=D(K: C1)

Subsequently, the enciphering/deciphering unit 301 of the retail storesite apparatus 30 enciphers the part P2 contained in the document Pusing the key K(B, C) in accordance with the following expression.

    C3=E(K(B, C): P2)

Both the cipher C3 thus obtained and the cipher C2 which is transmittedin advance from the user site apparatus 10 are transmitted to the creditcard company site apparatus 40 through the communication line 51 by thecommunication equipment 303 (refer to reference numeral 1706 in FIG.17).

7) After having received both the ciphers C2 and C3, the credit cardcompany site apparatus 40 reads out both the keys K(A, C) and K(B, C)stored in the memory 404, and then the enciphering/deciphering unit 401deciphers the part P2 in the written order P using the keys K(A, C) andK(B, C) thus read out, respectively. After the two parts P2 have beenobtained using the two keys in such a way, respectively, it is judgedwhether or not the two parts P2 match each other, thereby authenticatingthe part P2. In the case where the two parts P2 match each other, it isjudged that the order of the products to be purchased is given by thelegal user.

As described above, according to the present embodiment, the legality ofthe order of the products to be purchased which is given by the user canbe authenticated, and also, out of the information relating to thewritten order which is given by the user, only the information which thecredit card company should become aware of can be transmitted to thecredit card company.

Next, the description will hereinbelow be given with respect to anelectronic shopping system according to a fourth embodiment of thepresent invention.

The fourth embodiment is an example which is suitable for being appliedto the case where the credit card company C is considered to beunreliable. In addition, the fourth embodiment is designed in such a waythat the authentication of the user is carried out by producing thedigital signature on the basis of the procedure shown in FIG. 1 withoutcarrying out the key distribution based on the public key concept.

FIGS. 18 to 20 are respectively block diagrams showing configurations ofa smart card 20, a retail store site apparatus 30 and a credit cardcompany site apparatus 40 according to the fourth embodiment of thepresent invention. Incidentally, the user site apparatus 10 of thefourth embodiment has the same configuration as that of the user siteapparatus of the third embodiment shown in FIG. 13.

As shown in FIG. 18, the smart card 20 of the fourth embodimentincludes, in addition to the elements 201 and 202 of the firstembodiment shown in FIG. 3, a digital signature verifying unit 404 and apower multiplier 204.

In addition, as shown in FIG. 19, the retail store site apparatus 30 ofthe fourth embodiment includes, in addition to the elements 301 to 303of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 4, a digital signature verifyingunit 304, a random number generating unit 306 and a power multiplier307.

Further, as shown in FIG. 20, the credit card company site apparatus 40of the fourth embodiment includes, in addition to the elements 401 to403 of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 5, a digital signatureverifying unit 404 and a power multiplier 406. These elements areconnected to one another through a data bus 405.

Incidentally, in the fourth embodiment, both the smart card 20 of theuser and the retail store site apparatus 30 hold previously the same keyK(A, C) in common, and also both the retail store site apparatus 30 andthe credit card company site apparatus 40 hold previously the same keyK(B, C) in common. In addition, a prime number p is open to the public,and also the key K(A, C) is set so as to fulfill the condition ofg.c.d(K(A, C), p-1)=1.

Next, the description will hereinbelow be given with respect to theoperation of the electronic shopping system configured as describedabove. FIG. 21 is a schematic view useful in explaining transmission ofinformation of the electronic shopping system according to the fourthembodiment of the present invention.

1) Firstly, a user A inserts the smart card 20 which the user possessesinto a slot (not shown) of the user site apparatus 10. As a result, theenciphering/deciphering unit 201 and the like constituting the smartcard 20 are connected to the smart card input/output unit 101. Next, theuser selects the desired products by referring to the information of thevarious products (kinds of products, product names, prices of products,or the like) which is, for example, supplied by the retail store siteapparatus 30 and is displayed on a display device (not shown) of theuser site apparatus 10.

Then, the user operates an input unit (not shown), such as a keyboard,of the user site apparatus 10 so as to activate the document producingunit 102 to produce a predetermined written order P=(P1, P2). In thisconnection, predetermined information P1 contained in the document P isa part corresponding to the contents of an order of the products to bepurchased given to the retail store, and predetermined information P2contained therein is a part corresponding to the information, includingthe credit card number and a sum of purchased products, to be sent tothe credit card company C.

Next, the key producing unit 104 of the user site apparatus 10 producesa key K (0<K<p) on the basis of the random number generated by therandom number generating unit 103, and then the enciphering/dechiperingunit 105 produces a cipher C, which is defined by the followingexpression, on the basis of the key K thus produced.

    C1=E(K: P)

Next, the random number generating unit 103 of the user site apparatus10 generates a random number r ε Z which fulfills the conditions of0<r<p-1 and g.c.d(r, p-1)=1, and supplies the random number r thusgenerated to the power multiplier 111. In this connection, Z representsa domain of integers. Then, the power multiplier 111 produces a value u,which is defined by the following expression, on the basis of the randomnumber r supplied thereto.

    u=exp(K: r) mod p

The communication equipment 108 of the user site apparatus 10 transmitsthe resultant value u to the retail store site apparatus 30 through thecommunication line 50 (refer to reference numeral 2101 in FIG. 2

1).

2) Next, the random number generating unit 305 of the retail store siteapparatus 30 generates a random number t ε Z which fulfills theconditions of 0<t<p-1 and g.c.d(t, p-

1)=1, and supplies the random number t thus generated to the powermultiplier 307. Then, the power multiplier 307 produces a value v, whichis defined by the following expression, on the basis of the randomnumber t supplied thereto.

    v=exp(u: t) mod p

The value v thus obtained is transmitted to the user site apparatus 10through the communication line 50 by the communication equipment 303(refer to reference numeral 2102 in FIG. 21).

3) The hash calculator 110 of the user site apparatus 10 calculates ahash value f(h(P1), P2) on the basis of the document P in accordancewith the processing procedure shown in FIG. 11, and supplies both thekey K and the hash value f(h(P1), P2) to the smart card 20 through thesmart card input/output unit 101.

After the smart card 20 has received the above-mentioned information,the power multiplier 204 calculates a value w which is defined by thefollowing expression.

    w=exp(v :K(A, C)/r) mod p

Now, FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing the procedure of producing adigital signature according to the present embodiment. As shown in FIG.11, in the present embodiment, the procedure of producing a digitalsignature includes the steps of: calculating a hash value h(P1) of thepart P1 contained in the document P (Step 111); calculating a secondhash value f(h(P1), P2) for the hash value h(P1) and the part P2 of thedocument P (Step 112); and calculating a digital signature sgnA(P) forthe second hash value f(h(P1), P2) using the secret key (Step 113). Inaccordance with this procedure, the digital signature producing unit 201calculates the digital signature sgnA(P) for the second hash valuef(h(P1), P2) using the secret key associated with the user siteapparatus. Incidentally, similarly to the second embodiment, in thepresent embodiment as well, the digital signature is calculated on thebasis of RSA.

The digital signature sgnA(P) thus obtained is supplied to the user siteapparatus 10, and then the user site apparatus 10 transmits the cipherC1 and the value w which are obtained in advance and the digitalsignature sgnA(P) which has been supplied from the smart card 20 to theretail store site apparatus 30 through the communication line 50 (referto reference numeral 2103 in FIG. 21).

4) After having received both the cipher C1 and the value w as well asthe digital signature sgnA(P), the communication equipment 303 of theretail store site apparatus 30 transmits only the value w out of them tothe credit card company site apparatus 40 through the communication line51 (refer to reference numeral 2104 in FIG. 21).

5) After having received the value w transmitted from the retail storesite apparatus 30, the credit card company site apparatus 40 reads outthe key K(A, C) stored in the memory 404, and then the power multiplier402 produces a value w', which is defined by the following expression,using the key K(A, C) thus read out.

    w'=exp(w: 1/K(A, C)) mod p

The value w' thus obtained is then transmitted to the retail store siteapparatus 30 through the communication line 51 by the communicationequipment 403 (refer to reference numeral 2105 in FIG. 21).

6) After having received the value w' transmitted from the credit cardcompany site apparatus 40, the retail store site apparatus 30 reads outa random number t which is temporarily stored in the memory 302, and thepower multiplier 307 deciphers the key K using the random number t onthe basis of the following expression.

    K =exp(w': l/t) mod p

In addition, the enciphering/deciphering unit 301 deciphers the documentP using the resultant key K on the basis of the following expression.

    P=D(K: C1)

Next, the enciphering/deciphering unit 301 of the retail store siteapparatus 30 enciphers the part P2 contained in the written order Pusing the key K(B, C) on the basis of the following expression.

    C3=E(K(B, C): P2)

Next, the digital signature verifying unit 304 of the retail store siteapparatus 30 confirms the legality of the digital signature sgnA(P)using the public key associated with the user site apparatus 10, therebyauthenticating the written order P given by the user. In addition, theretail store site apparatus 30 calculates a hash value h(P1) using thehash function as the public information.

The cipher C3 thus obtained as well as the digital signature sgnA(P) andthe hash value h(P1) which are supplied in advance from the user siteapparatus 10 are transmitted to the credit card company site apparatus40 through the communication line 51 by the communication equipment 303(refer to reference numeral 2106 in FIG. 21).

7) The credit card company site apparatus 40 reads out the key K(B, C)stored in the memory 404, the enciphering/deciphering unit 401 deciphersthe part P2 in the document P using key K(B, C) thus read out, and thedigital signature verifying unit 404 confirms the legality of thedigital signature sgnA(P) using the part P2 in the document Pr the hashvalue h(P1) and the public key associated with the user site apparatus10. As a result, the authentication of the apart P2 of the document P iscarried out, and hence the order of the products to be purchased whichhas been given by the user is authenticated.

Next, the description will hereinbelow be given with respect to anelectronic shopping system according to a fifth embodiment of thepresent invention.

In the fifth embodiment, the configurations of the user site apparatus10, the smart card 20, the retail store site apparatus 30 and the creditcard company site apparatus 40 are the same as those in the fourthembodiment. In addition, according to the fifth embodiment, there isprovided a secure electronic shopping system in which the number ofcommunication between the retail store site apparatus 30 and the creditcard company site apparatus 40 is further reduced as compared with thefourth embodiment.

Incidentally, in the fifth embodiment, both the retail store siteapparatus 30 and the credit card company site apparatus 40 holdpreviously the same key K(B, C) in common. In addition, a prime number pis open to the public.

The description will hereinbelow be given with respect to the operationof the electronic shopping system configured as described above. Now,FIG. 22 is a schematic view useful in explaining transmission ofinformation in the electronic shopping system according to the fifthembodiment.

1) Firstly, a user A inserts the smart card 20 which the user possessesinto a slot (not shown) of the user site apparatus 10. As a result, theenciphering/deciphering unit 201 and the like constituting the smartcard 20 are connected to the smart card input/output unit 101. Next, theuser selects the desired products by referring to the information of thevarious products (kinds of products, product names, prices of products,or the like) which is, for example, supplied from the retail store siteapparatus 30 and is displayed on a display device (not shown) of theuser site apparatus 10.

Then, the user operates an input unit (not shown), such as a keyboard,of the user site apparatus 10 so as to activate the document producingunit 102 to produce a predetermined written order P=(P1, P2).

Next, the key producing unit 104 of the user site apparatus 10 producesa key K (0<K<p) on the basis of a random number generated by the randomnumber generating unit 103, and then deciphering/enciphering unit 105produces a cipher C1, which is defined by the following expression, onthe basis of the key K thus produced.

    C1=E(K: P)

Next, the random number generating unit 103 of the user site apparatus10 generates a random number r ε Z which fulfills the conditions of0<r<p-1 and g.c.d(r, p-1)=1, and then supplies the random number r thusgenerated to the power multiplier 111. In this connection, Z representsa domain of integers. The power multiplier 111 produces a value u, whichis defined by the following expression, on the basis of the randomnumber r supplied thereto.

    u=exp(K: r) mod p

The communication equipment 108 of the user site apparatus 10 transmitsthe resultant value u to the retail store site apparatus 30 through thecommunication line 50 (refer to reference numeral 2201 in FIG. 22).

2) Next, the random number generating unit 305 of the retail store siteapparatus 30 generates a random number t ε Z which fulfills theconditions of 0<t<p-1 and g.c.d(t, p-1)=1, and then supplies the randomnumber t thus generates to the power multiplier 307. Then, the powermultiplier 307 calculates a value v, which is defined by the followingexpression, on the basis of the random number t supplied thereto.

    v=exp(u: t) mod p

The value v thus obtained is then transmitted to the user site apparatus10 through the communication line 50 by the communication equipment 303(refer to reference numeral 2202 in FIG. 22).

3) Next, the power multiplier 111 of the user site apparatus 10calculates a value w defined by the following expression.

    w=exp(v: 1/r) mod p

In addition, the hash calculator 110 of the user site apparatus 10calculates a hash value g(f(h(P1), P2, v, I). In this connection, eachof f(x, y), g(x, y, z) and h(x) represents a hash function, and allthese hash functions are the public information. I is identificationinformation representing a transmitting/receiving person. While in thepresent embodiment, the identification information is determined on thebasis of a full name and a name of the user as a transmitting person,the present invention is not limited thereto. That is, in order tofurther ensure the stability of transmission/reception of theinformation, the time information may be further added thereto.

The hash value g(f(h(P1), P2), v, I) thus obtained is supplied to thesmart card 20 by the smart card input/output unit 101.

After the smart card 20 has received the above-mentioned information,the digital signature producing unit 201 calculates a digital signaturesgnA(P) for the hash value g(f(h(P1), P2), v, I) using the secret keyassociated with the user site apparatus. The digital signature sgnA(P)thus obtained is supplied to the user site apparatus 10, and then theuser site apparatus 10 transmits the cipher C1 and the value w which areobtained in advance as well as the digital signature sgnA(P) which hasbeen supplied from the smart card 20 to the retail store site apparatus30 through the communication line 50 (refer to reference numeral 2203 inFIG. 22).

4) The retail store site apparatus 30 reads out a random number t whichis temporarily stored in the memory 302, and the power multiplier 307deciphers the key K using the random number t thus read out on the basisof the following expression.

    K=exp(w: l/t) mod p

In addition, the enciphering/deciphering unit 301 deciphers the documentP using the resultant key K on the basis of the following expression.

    P=D(K, C1)

Next, the digital signature verifying unit 304 of the retail store siteapparatus 30 confirms the legality of the digital signature sgnA(P),thereby authenticating the written order P given by the user.

In addition, the enciphering/deciphering unit 301 of the retail storeapparatus 30 enciphers the part P2 contained in the written order Pusing the key K(B, C) in accordance with the following expression.

    C3=E(K(B, C): P2)

The cipher C3 thus obtained, the digital signature sgnA(P), the value vand the identification information I which have been supplied from theuser site apparatus 10, and the hash value h(P1) which has been obtainedon the basis of the hash function h(x) as the public information by theretail store site apparatus are transmitted to the credit card companysite apparatus 40 through the communication line 51 by the communicationequipment 303 (refer to reference numeral 2204 in FIG. 22).

5) The credit card company site apparatus 40 reads out the key K(B, C)stored in the memory 404, and then the enciphering/deciphering unit 401deciphers the part P2 of the document P using the K(B, C) thus read outon the basis of the cipher C3. In addition, the digital signatureverifying unit 404 confirms the legality of the digital signaturesgnA(P) using the resultant the part P2 of document P, the value v, theidentification information I, the hash value h(P1) and the public keyassociated with the user site apparatus 10. As a result, theauthentication of the part P2 of the document P is carried out, andhence the order of the products given by the user is authenticated.

Next, the description will hereinbelow be given with respect to anelectronic shopping system according to a sixth embodiment of thepresent invention.

In the sixth embodiment, the key distribution based on the public keycryptosystem is carried out. In addition, according to the sixthembodiment, there is provided a secure electronic shopping system,provided with a facility of protecting the privacy of the user, which isdesigned in such a way that the digital signature is produced inaccordance with the procedure shown in FIG. 11, and the user isauthenticated on the basis of the digital signature.

In the sixth embodiment, the configurations of the user site apparatus10, the smart card 20, the retail store site apparatus 30 and the creditcard company site apparatus 40 are the same as those in the secondembodiment shown in FIGS. 7 to 10, respectively.

In addition, both the retail store site apparatus 30 and the credit cardcompany site apparatus 40 hold the same key K(B, C) in common.

Next, the description will hereinbelow be given with respect to theoperation of the electronic shopping system according to the sixthembodiment configured as described above. FIG. 23 is a schematic viewuseful in explaining transmission of information in the electronicshopping system according to the sixth embodiment.

1) Firstly, a user A inserts the smart card 20 which the user possessesinto a slot (not shown) of the user site apparatus 10. As a result, theenciphering/deciphering unit 201 and the like constituting the smartcard 20 are connected to the smart card input/output unit 101. Next, theuser selects the desired products by referring to the information of thevarious products (kinds of products, product names, prices of products,or the like) which is, for example, supplied from the retail store siteapparatus 30 and is displayed on a display device (not shown) of theuser site apparatus 10.

Then, the user operates an input unit (not shown), such as a keyboard,of the user site apparatus 10 so as to activate the document producingunit 102 to produce a predetermined written order P=(P1, P2).

Next, the key producing unit 104 of the user site apparatus 10 producesa key K on the basis of a random number generated by the random numbergenerating unit 103, and then the enciphering/deciphering unit 105produces a cipher C1, which is defined by the following expression, onthe basis of the key K thus produced.

    C1=E(K: P)

In addition, the enciphering/deciphering unit 105 produces a cipher C2,which is enciphered on the basis of the public key cipher method, usinga public key PK(B) associated with the retail store site apparatus 30.

Next, the hash calculator 110 of the user site apparatus 10 calculates ahash value f(h(P1), P2) on the basis of a document P, and supplies thehash value f(h(P1), P2) thus calculated to the smart card 20 through thesmart card input/output unit 101. In this connection, similarly to theabove-mentioned embodiments, the hash functions f(x, y) and h(x) are thepublic information.

The digital signature producing unit 203 of the smart card 20 calculatesa digital signature sgnA(P) for the hash value f(h(P1), P2) using asecret key associated with the user site apparatus 10 in accordance withthe procedure shown in FIG. 11.

The digital signature sgnA(P) thus obtained is supplied to the user siteapparatus 10. Then, the user site apparatus 10 transmits the ciphers C1and C2 which are obtained in advance as well as the digital signaturesgnA(P) which has been supplied from the smart card 20 to the retailstore site apparatus 30 through the communication line 50 (refer toreference numeral 2301 in FIG. 23).

2) After having received the ciphers C1 and C2 as well as the digitalsignature sgnA(P), the retail store site apparatus 30 reads out a secretkey SK(B) which is associated with the retail store site apparatus 30and which is previously stored in the memory 302, and theenciphering/deciphering unit 301 deciphering the key K using the secretkey SK(B) thus read out on the basis of the cipher C2. In addition, theenciphering/deciphering unit 301 deciphers a written order P inaccordance with the following expression.

    P=D(K: C1)

Next, the digital signature verifying unit 304 of the retail store siteapparatus 30 confirms the legality of the digital signature sgnA(P)using the public key associated with the user site apparatus 10, therebyauthenticating the written order P given by the user.

In addition, the retail store site apparatus 30 reads out a key K(B, C)stored in the memory 302, the enciphering/deciphering unit 301calculates a cipher C3 using the key K(B, C) thus read out, and thecommunication equipment 303 transmits the resultant cipher C3, thedigital signature sgnA(P) which has been supplied from the user siteapparatus 10, and a hash value h(P) which has been calculated on thebasis of the hash function h(x) as the public information to the creditcard company site apparatus 40.

3) After having received the above-mentioned information, the creditcard company site apparatus 40 reads out the key K(B, C) stored in thememory 404, and then the enciphering/deciphering unit 401 deciphers thepart P2 of the document P using the key K(B, C) thus read out on thebasis of the cipher C3. In addition, the digital signature verifyingunit 404 confirms the legality of the digital signature sgnA(P) usingthe public key associated with the user site apparatus. As a result, theauthentication of the part P2 of the document P is carried out, andhence the order for the products to be purchased which has been given bythe user is authenticated.

It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to theabove-mentioned embodiments, and hence various changes and modificationsmay be made by those skilled in the art without departing from thespirit and scope of the present invention.

For example, while each of the above-mentioned embodiments is designedin such a way that the user possesses the smart card 20 in order for thesmart card 20 to be connected to the user site apparatus 10, the presentinvention is not limited thereto. That is, in the case where the usersite apparatus is supposed to be used by only one user, the smart cardmay be integrated into the user site apparatus.

In addition, in the present specification, by means is not simply meantthe physical means, but is also meant the software means in which thefunction of the means is realized by the software. Further, the functionof one means may be realized by two or more physical means, or thefunctions of two or more means may be realized by one physical means.

As set forth hereinabove, according to the present invention, it ispossible to provide an electronic shopping method and an electronicshopping system which are capable of authenticating the legality of auser and the legality of a sum of products purchased by the user on thebasis of the information transmitted from a retail store.

In addition, according to the present invention, it is possible toprovide an electronic shopping method and an electronic shopping systemwhich are designed in such a way that only a retail store can becomeaware of the information relating to the products purchased by a user,and a credit card company can not become aware of only the information,including the information relating to a sum of products purchased by theuser, which is required for clearing up a sum of products purchased bythe user.

We claim:
 1. A document authenticating method of authenticating anelectronic document for use in an electronic shopping system comprisinga user site, a retail store site, and a financial institution site on acommunication network, said method comprising the steps of:producingsaid electronic document indicating a written order from the user sitefor transmission via said communication network, said electronicdocument containing information relating to a purchase instruction forat least one product and information relating to a payment instructionof said at least one product; authenticating at least said informationrelating to the purchase instruction of said at least one productreceived from said communication network at the retail store site by afirst authenticator; and authenticating said information relating to thepayment instruction of said at least one product received from saidcommunication network at the financial institution site by a secondauthenticator, wherein said information relating to the purchaseinstruction of said at least one product is concealed from the financialinstitution site.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein saidinformation relating to the purchase instruction corresponds to contentsof said written order given to the retail store site, and saidinformation relating to the payment instruction corresponds to at leasta credit card number and a sum of purchased products to be sent to thefinancial institution site.
 3. A document authenticating system,comprising:a document producer which produces a document containingfirst and second parts, which uses a hash value operated by a one wayfunction on the document to determine a digital signature for, the firstand second parts of the document, and which transmits the digitalsignature and the document over a communication network; a firstdocument authenticator which authenticates a content of the first partof the document by verifying the digital signature received from saidcommunication network; and a second document authenticator whichauthenticates a content of the second part of the document by verifyingthe digital signal using the hash value received from said communicationnetwork.
 4. A document authenticating system according to claim 3,wherein said hash value received by the second document authenticator isproduced by operating said one way function on the first part of thedocument authenticated by the first document authenticator.
 5. Adocument authenticating system according to claim 3, wherein said firstpart of the document corresponds to a purchase instruction of apurchased product, and said second part of the document corresponds to apayment instruction of said purchased product.
 6. A documentauthenticating method for use in an electronic shopping systemcomprising a user site, a retail store site, and a financial institutionsite connected to a communication network, said method comprising thesteps of:producing, at the user site for transmission via saidcommunication network, a document containing first and second parts,calculating a hash value for the document containing said first andsecond parts using a one way hash function, and determining a digitalsignature for the hash value; authenticating, at the retail store site,a content of the first part of the document by verifying the digitalsignature received from said communication network; and authenticating,at the financial institution site, a content of the second part of thedocument by verifying the digital signal using the hash value receivedfrom said communication network.
 7. A document authenticating methodaccording to claim 6, wherein said hash value received at the financialinstitution site, is produced by operating said one way function on thefirst part of the document authenticated at the retail store site.
 8. Adocument authenticating method according to claim 6, wherein said firstpart of the document corresponds to a purchase instruction of apurchased product, and said second part of the document corresponds to apayment instruction of said purchased product.
 9. An electronic shoppingsystem, comprising:a first apparatus, located at a user site, forproducing an electronic document containing first and second parts,calculating a hash value for the document containing said first andsecond parts using a one way hash function for determining a digitalsignature, and transmitting the digital signature and the document via afirst communication link, a second apparatus, located at a retail storesite, for authenticating a content of the first part of the document byverifying the digital signature received from said first communicationlink, and for supplying the digital signature, the hash value, and thesecond part of the document via a second communication link; and a thirdapparatus, located at a financial institution site, for authenticating acontent of the second part of the document by verifying the digitalsignature using the hash value received from said second communicationnetwork.
 10. An electronic shopping system according to claim 9, whereinsaid hash value received at the financial institution site, is producedby operating said one way function on the first part of the documentauthenticated at the retail store site.
 11. An electronic shoppingsystem according to claim 9, wherein said first part of the documentcorresponds to a purchase instruction of a purchased product, and saidsecond part of the document corresponds to a payment instruction of saidpurchased product.
 12. A document authenticating method for use in anelectronic shopping system, said method comprising the stepsof:receiving, at a retail store site, an electronic written ordercontaining first and second parts and a digital signature for the firstand second parts of the written order produced from a user site via afirst communication link, said digital signature being determined basedon a hash value for the written order containing the first and secondparts using a one way hash function; authenticating, at said retailstore site, a content of the first part of the written order byverifying the digital signature received from said user site via saidfirst communication link, and supplying the digital signature, the hashvalue, and the second part of the written order via a secondcommunication link; and authenticating, at a financial institution site,a content of the second part of the written order by verifying thedigital signature using the hash value received from said retail storesite via said second communication link.
 13. An electronicauthenticating method according to claim 12, wherein said hash valuereceived at the financial institution site, is produced by operating aone way function on the first part of the written order authenticated atthe retail store site.
 14. An electronic authenticating method accordingto claim 13, wherein said first part of the written order corresponds toa purchase instruction of a purchased product, and said second part ofthe written order corresponds to a payment instruction of said purchasedproduct.
 15. A document authenticating method of authenticating contentof a payment instruction by a financial institution, comprising thesteps of:producing an order instruction and a payment instruction by auser and determining a digital signature for both instructions; andoperating a one way function on the order instruction to obtain a hashvalue and receiving the payment instruction to verify the digitalsignature using said hash value.
 16. A document signature method,comprising:producing an electronic document containing first and secondparts; calculating a hash value for the document containing said firstand second parts using a one way hash function; determining a digitalsignature for the document using said hash value; and transmitting thedocument containing said first and second parts, the digital signatureand the hash value over a communication network for subsequentauthentication of different parts of the document by different sitesbased on the digital signature and the hash value.
 17. A documentsignature method according to claim 16, wherein said first part of thedocument corresponds to a purchase instruction of a purchased product,and said second part of the document corresponds to a paymentinstruction of said purchased product.
 18. A document signature system,comprising:a smart card unit which receives an insertion of a smartcard; a document producer which produces an electronic documentcontaining first and second parts; a hash calculator which calculates ahash value for the document containing said first and second parts usinga one way hash function, and which enables said smart card to generate adigital signature for the document using said hash value; and acommunication unit which transmits the document containing said firstand second parts, the digital signature, and the hash value over acommunication network for subsequent document authentication withoutclarifying a content of the second part of the document.
 19. A documentsignature system according to claim 18, wherein said first part of thewritten order corresponds to a purchase instruction of a purchasedproduct, and said second part of the written order corresponds to apayment instruction of said purchased product.
 20. An authenticationrequesting method, comprising the steps of:producing an electronicdocument containing first and second parts; calculating a hash value forthe document containing said first and second parts using a one way hashfunction; determining a digital signature for the document using saidhash value; and transferring the document containing said first andsecond parts, the digital signature, and the hash value, via acommunication network, for subsequent document authentication withoutclarifying a content of the second part of the document.
 21. Anauthentication requesting method according to claim 20, wherein saidfirst part of the written order corresponds to a purchase instruction ofa purchased product, and said second part of the written ordercorresponds to a payment instruction of said purchased product.